Notes:
This research was supported by the MRSEC under NSF award #DMR-1005022. Part of this work was performed at the Center for Nanoscale Systems (CNS) at Harvard University, supported under NSF award #ECS-0335765. TSW would like to thank the Croucher Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship. WAM would like to thank REU BRIDGE, co-funded by the ASSURE program of the DoD in partnership with the NSF REU Site program under NSF Grant #DMR- 1005022. We thank Dr. Mike Heidenreich (Luvata, LLC) for kindly providing aluminum samples. We thank Tom Blough for technical assistance in building ice adhesion test setup, Drs. Michael Aizenberg, Alison Grinthal, and Mughees Khan for their comments in manuscript preparation.