Notes:
This work was supported by the US Department of Energy, Of- fice of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Materials Sciences and Engineering under Award #DE-SC0005247 (design and fabrication of HAIRS, HAIRS in liquid); by US Army Research Office Multidisci- plinary University Research Initiative (ARO/MURI) under Award #W911NF-04-1-0476 (STEPS); by US Air Force Office of Scientific Research Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (AFOSR/ MURI) under Award #FA9550-09-1-0669 (directional actuation and optical properties).