Fig. 4: Layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition of negatively charged silica nanoparticles and positively charged polyelectrolytes creates nanoscale surface structures that are further surface-functionalized with fluorinated silanes and infiltrated with fluorinated oil, forming a smooth, transparent, highly repellent coating. This method is low-cost, scalable, and simple to apply to a wide range of materials and curved shapes.
