Catalysis

Raspberry-colloid templated (RCT) catalysts

Nanoparticle-supported heterogeneous catalysts play a central role in the production of more than 90% of chemicals manufactured globally. The performance (activity, selectivity, stability) of these catalysts is predicated on a variety of descriptors related to the nanoparticles (NPs), support material, and their interactions. To unequivocally elucidate structure-property relationships to guide future catalyst design, we have drawn (bio)inspiration from the morpho butterfly, in combination with our expertise in colloidal synthesis, assembly, and sol-gel chemistry, to devise raspberry-colloid templated (RCT) catalyst platform (a–e). The RCT strategy is highly modular synthetically, allowing for independent control over the various material building blocks and in their 3D spatial organization at different length scales (from nano- to macroscopic). Most importantly, unlike catalysts prepared using conventional methods, the RCT method derives catalysts with NPs deeply entrenched within the support structure (h), conferring enhanced thermal stability (>500 °C) against NP sintering for a variety of gas- and liquid-phase hydrogenation and oxidation reactions.   

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Contact: Kang Rui Garrick Lim (garrick_lim@g.harvard.edu)

Publications

2025

Lim KRG, Owen CJ, Kaiser SK, Routh PK, Mendoza M, Park K-CK, Kim T-S, Garg S, Gardener JA, Russotto L, et al. Nanoscale wetting controls reactive Pd ensembles in synthesis of dilute PdAu alloy catalysts. Nature Communications. 2025;16:6293.
Lim KRG, Owen CJ, Kaiser SK, Routh PK, Mendoza M, Park K-CK, Kim T-S, Garg S, Gardener JA, Russotto L, et al. Nanoscale wetting controls reactive Pd ensembles in synthesis of dilute PdAu alloy catalysts. Nature Communications. 2025;16:6293.
Li Y, Cheng D, Son G, Shneidman AV, Lim KRG, Aizenberg J, Sautet P. Modeling electron storage at the interface between Au and anatase-TiO2 under ambient conditions. Chem Catalysis. 2025:101430.
Li Y, Cheng D, Son G, Shneidman AV, Lim KRG, Aizenberg J, Sautet P. Modeling electron storage at the interface between Au and anatase-TiO2 under ambient conditions. Chem Catalysis. 2025:101430.
Lim KRG ", Azizli T, Kaiser SK, Aizenberg M, Montemore MM, Aizenberg J. Effects of Pd ensemble size in dilute and single atom alloy PdAu catalysts for one-pot selective hydrogenation and reductive amination. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2025.
Lim KRG ", Azizli T, Kaiser SK, Aizenberg M, Montemore MM, Aizenberg J. Effects of Pd ensemble size in dilute and single atom alloy PdAu catalysts for one-pot selective hydrogenation and reductive amination. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2025.
Lim KRG, Kaiser SK, Herring CJ, Kim T-S, Perich MP, Garg S, O’Connor C, Aizenberg M, van der Hoeven J, Reece C, et al. Partial PdAu nanoparticle embedding into TiO2 support accentuates catalytic contributions from the Au/TiO2 interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2025;122(2).
Lim KRG, Kaiser SK, Herring CJ, Kim T-S, Perich MP, Garg S, O’Connor C, Aizenberg M, van der Hoeven J, Reece C, et al. Partial PdAu nanoparticle embedding into TiO2 support accentuates catalytic contributions from the Au/TiO2 interface. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2025;122(2).

2024

Lim KRG, Aizenberg M, Aizenberg J. Colloidal Templating in Catalyst Design for Thermocatalysis. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2024;146(32):22103–22121. doi:10.1021/jacs.4c07167
Lim KRG, Aizenberg M, Aizenberg J. Colloidal Templating in Catalyst Design for Thermocatalysis. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2024;146(32):22103–22121. doi:10.1021/jacs.4c07167
Routh PK, Redekop E, Prodinger S, van der Hoeven JES, Lim KRG, Aizenberg J, Nachtegaal M, Clark AH, Frenkel AI. Restructuring dynamics of surface species in bimetallic nanoparticles probed by modulation excitation spectroscopy. Nature communications. 2024;15(1):6736. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51068-4
Routh PK, Redekop E, Prodinger S, van der Hoeven JES, Lim KRG, Aizenberg J, Nachtegaal M, Clark AH, Frenkel AI. Restructuring dynamics of surface species in bimetallic nanoparticles probed by modulation excitation spectroscopy. Nature communications. 2024;15(1):6736. doi:10.1038/s41467-024-51068-4
Foucher AC, Owen CJ, Shirman T, Aizenberg J, Kozinsky B, Stach EA. In Situ Gas-Heating Atomic-Scale STEM Analysis of Au-Pd Nanoparticles at 1 Bar. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 2024;30:ozae044.834. doi:10.1093/mam/ozae044.834
Foucher AC, Owen CJ, Shirman T, Aizenberg J, Kozinsky B, Stach EA. In Situ Gas-Heating Atomic-Scale STEM Analysis of Au-Pd Nanoparticles at 1 Bar. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 2024;30:ozae044.834. doi:10.1093/mam/ozae044.834
Bijl M, Lim KRG, Garg S, Nicolas NJ, Visser NL, Aizenberg M, van der Hoeven JES, Aizenberg J. Controlling nanoparticle placement in Au/TiO inverse opal photocatalysts. Nanoscale. 2024;16(29):13867–13873. doi:10.1039/d4nr01200c
Bijl M, Lim KRG, Garg S, Nicolas NJ, Visser NL, Aizenberg M, van der Hoeven JES, Aizenberg J. Controlling nanoparticle placement in Au/TiO inverse opal photocatalysts. Nanoscale. 2024;16(29):13867–13873. doi:10.1039/d4nr01200c
Lim KRG, Kaiser SK, Wu H, Garg S, O’Connor CR, Reece C, Aizenberg M, Aizenberg J. Deconvoluting the Individual Effects of Nanoparticle Proximity and Size in Thermocatalysis. ACS nano. 2024;18(24):15958–15969. doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c04193
Lim KRG, Kaiser SK, Wu H, Garg S, O’Connor CR, Reece C, Aizenberg M, Aizenberg J. Deconvoluting the Individual Effects of Nanoparticle Proximity and Size in Thermocatalysis. ACS nano. 2024;18(24):15958–15969. doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c04193
Lim KRG, Kaiser SK, Wu H, Garg S, Perich MP, Hoeven JE, Aizenberg M, Aizenberg J. Nanoparticle proximity controls selectivity in benzaldehyde hydrogenation. Nature Catalysis. 2024;7(2):172–184,. doi:10.1038/s41929-023-01104-1
Lim KRG, Kaiser SK, Wu H, Garg S, Perich MP, Hoeven JE, Aizenberg M, Aizenberg J. Nanoparticle proximity controls selectivity in benzaldehyde hydrogenation. Nature Catalysis. 2024;7(2):172–184,. doi:10.1038/s41929-023-01104-1
Lee JD, Filie A, Wilson L, Nguyen K, Shirman T, Guan E, Luneau M, Aizenberg M, Aizenberg J, Madix RJ, et al. Selective oxidation of linear alcohols: the promotional effect of water and inhibiting effect of carboxylates over dilute PdAu catalysts. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2024;12(23):13778–13791,. doi:10.1039/D4TA01383B
Lee JD, Filie A, Wilson L, Nguyen K, Shirman T, Guan E, Luneau M, Aizenberg M, Aizenberg J, Madix RJ, et al. Selective oxidation of linear alcohols: the promotional effect of water and inhibiting effect of carboxylates over dilute PdAu catalysts. J. Mater. Chem. A. 2024;12(23):13778–13791,. doi:10.1039/D4TA01383B

2023

Son G, Li Y, Shneidman AV, Han JH, Aizenberg M, Sautet P, Aizenberg J. Facet-Dependence of Electron Storage in Gold-Decorated Titania Nanocrystals. Chemistry of Materials. 2023;35(22):9505–9516,. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01252
Son G, Li Y, Shneidman AV, Han JH, Aizenberg M, Sautet P, Aizenberg J. Facet-Dependence of Electron Storage in Gold-Decorated Titania Nanocrystals. Chemistry of Materials. 2023;35(22):9505–9516,. doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c01252